Ni ikiIinganda naCubucuruzi bw'ubucuruziEuburibweStorage naCommonBubuhanziModeli

IUbubiko bw'ingufu mu nganda n'ubucuruzi

"Ububiko bw'ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi" bivuga uburyo bwo kubika ingufu bukoreshwa mu nganda cyangwa mu bucuruzi.

Ukurikije uko abakoresha barangiza babibona, kubika ingufu bishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: ububiko bw'ingufu, ububiko bw'amashanyarazi, n'ububiko bw'ingufu ku ruhande rw'umukoresha. Ububiko bw'ingufu ku ruhande rw'umukoresha n'ububiko bw'amashanyarazi buzwi kandi nka ububiko bw'ingufu bwa pre-meter cyangwa ububiko bwinshi, mu gihe ububiko bw'ingufu ku ruhande rw'umukoresha bwitwa ububiko bw'ingufu bwa post-meter. Ububiko bw'ingufu ku ruhande rw'umukoresha bushobora kugabanywamo ububiko bw'ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi no mu ngo. Muri make, ububiko bw'ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi bushyirwa mu bubiko bw'ingufu ku ruhande rw'umukoresha, bukorera mu nganda cyangwa mu bucuruzi. Ububiko bw'ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi bukoreshwa mu bintu bitandukanye, harimo pariki z'inganda, ibigo by'ubucuruzi, ibigo by'amakuru, sitasiyo z'itumanaho, inyubako z'ubuyobozi, ibitaro, amashuri, n'inyubako zo guturamo.

Mu buryo bwa tekiniki, imiterere y’uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: uburyo bwa DC-coupled na AC-coupled. Ubusanzwe uburyo bwa DC-coupling bukoresha uburyo bwo kubika ingufu buhuriweho, bugizwe n’ibice bitandukanye nka sisitemu yo gukora ingufu za photovoltaic (cyane cyane zigizwe na modules na controllers za photovoltaic), uburyo bwo gukora ingufu mu kubika ingufu (cyane cyane harimo bateri packs, bidirectional converters ("PCS"), sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ("BMS"), kugera ku guhuza uburyo bwo gukora no kubika ingufu za photovoltaic), sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu ("EMS"), nibindi.

Ihame ry'ibanze ry'imikorere rikubiyemo gusharija mu buryo butaziguye paki za bateri hakoreshejwe ingufu za DC zitangwa na module za photovoltaic binyuze mu byuma bigenzura photovoltaic. Byongeye kandi, ingufu za AC ziva kuri grid zishobora guhindurwamo ingufu za DC binyuze muri PCS kugira ngo zishyure paki ya bateri. Iyo hari amashanyarazi akenewe aturutse ku mutwaro, bateri irekura umuriro, aho ingufu zituruka zikaba ziri ku mpera ya bateri. Ku rundi ruhande, sisitemu zo guhuza AC zigizwe n'ibice byinshi, harimo sisitemu zo gukora ingufu za photovoltaic (zigizwe cyane cyane na module za photovoltaic na inverters zihujwe na grid), sisitemu zo kubika ingufu (zirimo cyane cyane paki za bateri, PCS, BMS, nibindi), sisitemu ya EMS, nibindi.

Ihame ry'ibanze ry'imikorere rikubiyemo guhindura ingufu za DC zikomoka kuri modules za photovoltaic mo ingufu za AC binyuze muri inverters zihujwe na grid, zishobora gutangwa mu buryo butaziguye kuri grid cyangwa imitwaro y'amashanyarazi. Ubundi buryo, zishobora guhindurwamo ingufu za DC binyuze kuri PCS hanyuma zigashyirwa kuri bateri. Muri iki cyiciro, aho ingufu zituruka ni ku mpera ya AC. Sisitemu zo guhuza DC zizwiho gukoresha neza no koroshya ibiciro, zikwiriye aho abakoresha bakoresha amashanyarazi make ku manywa n'ayo bakoresha nijoro. Ku rundi ruhande, sisitemu zo guhuza AC zirangwa n'ibiciro biri hejuru no koroshya ibiciro, bikaba byiza ku bikorwa aho sisitemu zo gukora amashanyarazi za photovoltaic zimaze gushyirwaho cyangwa aho abakoresha bakoresha amashanyarazi menshi ku manywa n'ayo bakoresha nijoro.

Muri rusange, imiterere y’uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi ishobora gukora idakoresheje umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi mukuru kandi igakora mikorogiteri yo gutanga ingufu za photovoltaic no kubika bateri.

II. Impaka ku Mubande w'Icyiciro cya Mbere

Peak valley arbitrage ni uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kwinjiza amafaranga mu bubiko bw'ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi, burimo gusharija amashanyarazi aturutse ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi ku giciro gito no kuyasohora ku giciro cyo hejuru cy'amashanyarazi.

Dufashe urugero rw'Ubushinwa, inganda n'ubucuruzi byabwo bikunze gushyira mu bikorwa politiki zo kugena ibiciro by'amashanyarazi ku gihe cyo gukoresha ndetse na politiki zo kugena ibiciro by'amashanyarazi ku rwego rwo hejuru. Urugero, mu karere ka Shanghai, Komisiyo Ishinzwe Iterambere n'Ivugurura rya Shanghai yatanze itangazo ryo kunoza uburyo bwo kugena ibiciro by'amashanyarazi ku gihe cyo gukoresha mu mujyi (Komisiyo Ishinzwe Iterambere n'Ivugurura rya Shanghai [2022] No. 50). Dukurikije itangazo:

Ku bijyanye n'inganda n'ubucuruzi rusange, kimwe n'ibindi bice bibiri n'ibinini by'inganda, igihe cyo hejuru ni kuva saa 19:00 kugeza saa 21:00 mu gihe cy'itumba (Mutarama na Ukuboza) no kuva saa 12:00 kugeza saa 14:00 mu mpeshyi (Nyakanga na Kanama).

Mu bihe by'ubwinshi mu mpeshyi (Nyakanga, Kanama, Nzeri) no mu gihe cy'itumba (Mutarama, Ukuboza), ibiciro by'amashanyarazi bizazamukaho 80% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho. Ku rundi ruhande, mu bihe biri hasi, ibiciro by'amashanyarazi bizagabanukaho 60% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho. Byongeye kandi, mu bihe by'ubwinshi, ibiciro by'amashanyarazi biziyongeraho 25% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho.

Mu yandi mezi mu gihe cy’igihe kinini, ibiciro by’amashanyarazi biziyongeraho 60% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho, mu gihe mu gihe gito, ibiciro bizagabanukaho 50% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho.

Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi muri rusange mu nganda, ubucuruzi, n'andi mashanyarazi akoreshwa muri sisitemu imwe, amasaha y'igihe kinini n'ikibaya ni byo byonyine bitagabanyije amasaha y'igihe kinini. Mu bihe by'izuba (Nyakanga, Kanama, Nzeri) no mu gihe cy'itumba (Mutarama, Ukuboza), ibiciro by'amashanyarazi bizazamukaho 20% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho, mu gihe mu bihe biri hasi, ibiciro bizagabanukaho 45% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho. Mu yandi mezi mu masaha y'igihe kinini, ibiciro by'amashanyarazi biziyongeraho 17% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho, mu gihe mu bihe biri hasi, ibiciro bizagabanukaho 45% hashingiwe ku giciro gihoraho.

Uburyo bwo kubika ingufu z'inganda n'ubucuruzi bukoresha ubu buryo bwo kugena ibiciro mu kugura amashanyarazi ku giciro gito mu masaha atari ay'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi no kuyatanga ku mutwaro mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi cyangwa ahenze cyane. Ubu buryo bufasha kugabanya amafaranga akoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu bigo.

IIIIngufu Igihe Gihinduka

"Impinduka mu gihe cy'ingufu" ikubiyemo guhindura igihe cy'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi binyuze mu kubika ingufu kugira ngo byoroshye ibyo ukeneye kandi byuzuze igihe cyo kubikoresha gito. Mu gihe ukoresha ibikoresho bitanga ingufu nk'uturemangingo tw'izuba, kutamenyana hagati y'umurongo ukoreshwa n'umurongo ukoreshwa n'umutwaro bishobora gutuma abakoresha bagurisha amashanyarazi arenze ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi ku giciro gito cyangwa bakagura amashanyarazi ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi ku giciro cyo hejuru.

Kugira ngo ibi bikemuke, abakoresha bashobora gusharija bateri mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi make no gusohora amashanyarazi yabitswe mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi menshi. Iyi ngamba igamije kongera inyungu mu bukungu no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ihumanya ikirere mu bigo. Byongeye kandi, kuzigama ingufu z'umuyaga n'izuba zikomoka ku masoko ashobora kongera gukoreshwa nyuma mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi menshi bifatwa nk'uburyo bwo guhindura igihe cy'ingufu.

Ihindagurika ry'igihe cy'ingufu ntirigira ibisabwa bikomeye bijyanye no gusharija no gusohora amashanyarazi, kandi ibipimo by'ingufu muri ibi bikorwa birahindagurika, bigatuma biba igisubizo gifite uburyo bwinshi kandi gikoreshwa kenshi.

IV.Uburyo busanzwe bw'ubucuruzi bwo kubika ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi

1.UmutweIyagize uruhare

Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, ishingiro ry’ububiko bw’ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi riri mu gukoresha uburyo bwo kubika ingufu n’ibikorwa remezo, no kubona inyungu mu kubika ingufu binyuze mu buryo bwa “peak Valley arbitrage” n’ubundi buryo. Kandi muri uru ruhererekane, abitabiriye cyane barimo abatanga ibikoresho, abatanga serivisi z’ingufu, abaterankunga mu gukodesha, n’abakoresha:

2.BisanzweBubuhanziModeli

Kugeza ubu, hari uburyo bune buhuriweho bwo kubika ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi, ari bwo uburyo bwo “gushora imari ku giti cyawe”, uburyo bwo “gukodesha neza”, uburyo bwo “gucunga ingufu mu masezerano”, n’uburyo bwo “gucunga ingufu mu masezerano+gukodesha amafaranga”. Twasobanuye ibi muri make:

(1)Use Iishoramari

Mu buryo bwo gushora imari ku giti cye, umukoresha agura kandi agashyiraho sisitemu zo kubika ingufu ku giti cye kugira ngo yishimire inyungu zo kubika ingufu, cyane cyane binyuze mu buryo bwo gupima ikirere cy’imvura. Muri ubu buryo, nubwo umukoresha ashobora kugabanya mu buryo butaziguye kogosha no kuzuza ikirere cy’imvura, no kugabanya ikiguzi cy’amashanyarazi, agomba kwishyura ikiguzi cy’ishoramari rya mbere n’amafaranga ya buri munsi yo gukoresha no kubungabunga. Imbonerahamwe y’icyitegererezo cy’ubucuruzi ni iyi ikurikira:

(2) IsukuyeLkoroshya

Mu buryo bwo gukodesha busanzwe, umukoresha ntagomba kugura ahantu ho kubika ingufu ku giti cye. Agomba gukodesha gusa ahantu ho kubika ingufu ku mutanga ibikoresho no kwishyura amafaranga ajyanye na byo. Umutanga ibikoresho atanga serivisi z'ubwubatsi, imikorere n'isukura ku mukoresha, kandi amafaranga yinjira mu bubiko bw'ingufu aboneka ku mukoresha. Imbonerahamwe y'icyitegererezo cy'ubucuruzi ni iyi ikurikira:

(3) Imicungire y'Ingufu mu Masezerano

Mu rwego rwo gucunga ingufu mu masezerano, utanga serivisi z'ingufu ashora imari mu kugura ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu no kubiha abakoresha mu buryo bwa serivisi z'ingufu. Utanga serivisi z'ingufu n'umukoresha basangira inyungu zo kubika ingufu mu buryo bwumvikanyweho (harimo gusangira inyungu, kugabanyirizwa ibiciro by'amashanyarazi, nibindi), ni ukuvuga gukoresha sisitemu y'amashanyarazi yo kubika ingufu mu kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu gihe cy'ibiciro by'amashanyarazi mu kibaya cyangwa mu gihe gisanzwe cy'ibiciro by'amashanyarazi, hanyuma bagatanga ingufu ku mutwaro w'umukoresha mu gihe cy'ibiciro by'amashanyarazi. Umukoresha n'utanga serivisi z'ingufu bagabana inyungu zo kubika ingufu mu rugero rwemejwe. Ugereranije n'icyitegererezo cy'ishoramari ry'umukoresha, ubu buryo butanga abatanga serivisi z'ingufu batanga serivisi zijyanye no kubika ingufu. Abatanga serivisi z'ingufu bagira uruhare rw'abashoramari mu cyitegererezo cy'amasezerano cyo gucunga ingufu, ku rugero runaka bigabanya igitutu cy'ishoramari ku bakoresha. Imbonerahamwe y'icyitegererezo cy'ubucuruzi ni iyi ikurikira:

(4) Gucunga ingufu mu masezerano+Imari yo gukodesha

Uburyo bwo "Gucunga Ingufu mu Masezerano + Ubukode bw'Imari" buvuga ku ishyirwaho ry'uruhande rw'ubukode bw'imari nk'umukodesha w'ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu cyangwa serivisi z'ingufu hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gucunga ingufu mu masezerano. Ugereranyije n'uburyo bwo gucunga ingufu mu masezerano, gutangiza abakodesha kugira ngo bagure ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu bigabanya cyane igitutu cy'imari ku batanga serivisi z'ingufu, bityo bikabafasha kwibanda ku serivisi zo gucunga ingufu mu masezerano.

Uburyo bwa "Imicungire y'Ingufu mu Masezerano + Ubukode bw'Imari" buragoye cyane kandi bufite uburyo bwinshi. Urugero, bumwe mu buryo busanzwe ni uko utanga serivisi z'ingufu abona ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu ku mutanga ibikoresho mbere na mbere, hanyuma uruhande rushinzwe gukodesha amafaranga rugahitamo kandi rugagura ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu hakurikijwe amasezerano bagiranye n'umukoresha, hanyuma rugakodesha ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu ku mukoresha.

Mu gihe cy'ubukode, umutungo w'ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu ni uw'ushinzwe gutanga inguzanyo, kandi umukoresha afite uburenganzira bwo kubikoresha. Iyo igihe cyo gukodesha kirangiye, umukoresha ashobora kubona uburenganzira bw'ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu. Utanga serivisi z'ingufu ahanini atanga serivisi zo kubaka, gukoresha no gusana ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu ku bakoresha, kandi ashobora kubona inyungu zijyanye n'ibyo ashinzwe gutanga inguzanyo ku bijyanye no kugurisha no gukoresha ibikoresho. Imbonerahamwe y'icyitegererezo cy'ubucuruzi ni iyi ikurikira:

Bitandukanye n’uburyo bwabanjirije ubwiza bw’imbuto, mu bundi buryo bw’imbuto, uruhande rushinzwe gukodesha imari rushora imari mu buryo butaziguye mu rutanga serivisi z’ingufu, aho gushora imari mu mutanga serivisi z’ingufu, aho kuyikoresha. By’umwihariko, uruhande rushinzwe gukodesha imari ruhitamo kandi rugagura ahantu ho kubika ingufu mu mutanga serivisi z’ingufu hakurikijwe amasezerano yagiranye n’utanga serivisi z’ingufu, kandi rugakodesha aho kubika ingufu ku mutanga serivisi z’ingufu.

Utanga serivisi z'ingufu ashobora gukoresha ubwo bubiko bw'ingufu kugira ngo atange serivisi z'ingufu ku bakoresha, agasangira inyungu zo kubika ingufu n'abakoresha ku gipimo cyemejwe, hanyuma akishyura uwatanze inguzanyo igice cy'inyungu. Nyuma y'uko igihe cyo gukodesha kirangiye, utanga serivisi z'ingufu aba ari we nyir'ikigo gibika ingufu. Imbonerahamwe y'icyitegererezo cy'ubucuruzi ni iyi ikurikira:

V. Amasezerano Rusange y'Ubucuruzi

Mu buryo bwaganiriweho, amabwiriza y'ingenzi y'ubucuruzi n'ibindi bifitanye isano bigaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:

1.Amasezerano y'Ubufatanye:

Inzego zishobora kugirana amasezerano y’ubufatanye kugira ngo hashyirweho urwego rw’ubufatanye. Urugero, mu masezerano yo gucunga ingufu, utanga serivisi z’ingufu ashobora gusinya amasezerano nk’ayo n’utanga ibikoresho, agaragaza inshingano nko kubaka no gukoresha uburyo bwo kubika ingufu.

2.Amasezerano yo gucunga ingufu ku buryo bwo kubika ingufu:

Aya masezerano akunze gukoreshwa ku buryo bwo gucunga ingufu mu masezerano no ku buryo bwo "gucunga ingufu mu masezerano + gukodesha amafaranga". Akubiyemo gutanga serivisi zo gucunga ingufu n'umutanga serivisi z'ingufu ku mukoresha, hamwe n'inyungu zijyanye nazo zigahabwa umukoresha. Inshingano zirimo kwishyura amafaranga aturuka ku mukoresha n'ubufatanye mu iterambere ry'imishinga, mu gihe umutanga serivisi z'ingufu ashinzwe igishushanyo mbonera, ubwubatsi, n'imikorere.

3.Amasezerano yo Kugurisha Ibikoresho:

Uretse uburyo bwo gukodesha busanzwe, amasezerano yo kugurisha ibikoresho ni ingenzi mu buryo bwose bwo kubika ingufu z'ubucuruzi. Urugero, mu buryo bwo gushora imari ku bakoresha ubwabo, amasezerano akorwa n'abatanga ibikoresho yo kugura no gushyiraho ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu. Kugenzura ubuziranenge, kubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho, na serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha ni ibintu by'ingenzi.

4.Amasezerano ya serivisi za tekiniki:

Aya masezerano asanzwe asinywa n'utanga ibikoresho kugira ngo atange serivisi za tekiniki nko gushushanya sisitemu, kuyishyiraho, kuyikoresha no kuyisana. Ibisabwa neza muri serivisi no kubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho ni ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mu masezerano ya serivisi za tekiniki.

5.Amasezerano yo gukodesha ibikoresho:

Mu bihe aho abatanga ibikoresho bagumana uburenganzira ku bubiko bw'ingufu, amasezerano yo gukodesha ibikoresho asinywa hagati y'abakoresha n'abatanga ibikoresho. Aya masezerano agaragaza inshingano z'abakoresha mu kubungabunga no kugenzura imikorere isanzwe y'ibikoresho.

6.Amasezerano y'Imari yo Gukodesha:

Mu buryo bwa "Imicungire y'Ingufu z'Amasezerano + Ubukode bw'Imari", amasezerano y'ubukode bw'imari akunze gushyirwaho hagati y'abakoresha cyangwa abatanga serivisi z'ingufu n'abatanga serivisi z'imari. Aya masezerano agena uburyo bwo kugura no gutanga ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu, uburenganzira bwo gutunga ibikoresho mu gihe cy'ubukode na nyuma y'igihe cyo gukodesha, hamwe n'ibigomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo ibikoresho byo kubikamo ingufu bikwiye abakoresha ibikoresho by'ingufu cyangwa abatanga serivisi z'ingufu.

VI. Ingamba zidasanzwe zo kwirinda abatanga serivisi z'ingufu

Abatanga serivisi z'ingufu bagira uruhare runini mu ruhererekane rwo kugera ku bubiko bw'ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi no kubona inyungu mu bubiko bw'ingufu. Ku batanga serivisi z'ingufu, hari urukurikirane rw'ibibazo bigomba kwitabwaho by'umwihariko mu bubiko bw'ingufu mu nganda no mu bucuruzi, nko gutegura imishinga, gutera inkunga imishinga, kugura ibikoresho no kuyishyiraho. Muri make ibi bibazo turabigaragaza ku buryo bukurikira: