Kodi ndi chiyaniImafakitale ndiCzamalondaEmisalaSkutsogolera ndiCommonBntchitoModels

IKusungira Mphamvu Zam'mafakitale ndi Zamalonda

"Kusungira mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda" kumatanthauza njira zosungira mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale kapena m'mabizinesi.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a ogwiritsa ntchito, malo osungira mphamvu amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: magetsi, gridi, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Malo osungira mphamvu m'mbali mwa magetsi ndi gridi amadziwikanso kuti malo osungira mphamvu asanafike mita kapena malo osungira ambiri, pomwe malo osungira mphamvu m'mbali mwa ogwiritsa ntchito amatchedwa malo osungira mphamvu pambuyo pa mita. Malo osungira mphamvu m'mbali mwa ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kugawidwanso m'malo osungira mphamvu m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi komanso malo osungira mphamvu m'nyumba. Mwachidule, malo osungira mphamvu m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi amagwera pansi pa malo osungira mphamvu m'mbali mwa ogwiritsa ntchito, omwe amasamalira malo opangira mafakitale kapena amalonda. Malo osungira mphamvu m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi amagwiritsa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mapaki amakampani, malo ogulitsira, malo osungira deta, malo olumikizirana, nyumba zoyang'anira, zipatala, masukulu, ndi nyumba zogona.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro aukadaulo, kapangidwe ka makina osungira mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda kangagawidwe m'magulu awiri: makina olumikizidwa ndi DC ndi makina olumikizidwa ndi AC. Makina olumikizirana a DC nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makina osungiramo mphamvu ophatikizidwa ndi photovoltaic, omwe amakhala ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana monga makina opanga mphamvu za photovoltaic (makamaka omwe amaphatikizapo ma module ndi owongolera a photovoltaic), makina opangira mphamvu zosungira mphamvu (makamaka kuphatikiza ma batri, ma converter a bidirectional ("PCS"), makina oyang'anira mabatire ("BMS"), kukwaniritsa kuphatikiza kwa kupanga ndi kusunga mphamvu za photovoltaic), machitidwe oyang'anira mphamvu ("EMS systems"), ndi zina zotero.

Mfundo yayikulu yogwirira ntchito ikuphatikizapo kuyitanitsa mwachindunji ma batire ndi mphamvu ya DC yopangidwa ndi ma module a photovoltaic kudzera mwa owongolera a photovoltaic. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu ya AC kuchokera pa gridi imatha kusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu ya DC kudzera pa PCS kuti iyitanitsa batire. Pakakhala kufunikira kwa magetsi kuchokera ku katundu, batire imatulutsa mphamvu, pomwe malo osonkhanitsira mphamvu amakhala kumapeto kwa batire. Kumbali ina, makina olumikizira a AC amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo, kuphatikiza makina opangira mphamvu ya photovoltaic (makamaka kuphatikiza ma module a photovoltaic ndi ma inverter olumikizidwa ndi gridi), makina opangira mphamvu zosungira mphamvu (makamaka kuphatikiza ma batire, PCS, BMS, ndi zina zotero), makina a EMS, ndi zina zotero.

Mfundo yofunikira yogwirira ntchito ikuphatikizapo kusintha mphamvu ya DC yopangidwa ndi ma module a photovoltaic kukhala mphamvu ya AC kudzera mu ma inverter olumikizidwa ndi grid, omwe amatha kuperekedwa mwachindunji ku grid kapena katundu wamagetsi. Kapenanso, imatha kusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu ya DC kudzera mu PCS ndikuyiyika pa batri. Pa siteji iyi, malo osonkhanitsira mphamvu amakhala kumapeto kwa AC. Makina olumikizira a DC amadziwika kuti ndi othandiza komanso osinthasintha, oyenera nthawi yomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochepa masana komanso ambiri usiku. Kumbali inayi, makina olumikizira a AC amadziwika ndi mtengo wokwera komanso kusinthasintha, oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito pomwe makina opangira magetsi a photovoltaic ali kale kapena pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ambiri masana ndi ochepa usiku.

Kawirikawiri, kapangidwe ka makina osungira mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda amatha kugwira ntchito paokha kuchokera ku gridi yayikulu yamagetsi ndikupanga gridi yaying'ono yopanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic ndi kusungira mabatire.

II. Chigwa cha Peak Arbitrage

Peak valley arbitrage ndi njira yopezera ndalama yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posungira mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyitanitsa kuchokera ku gridi pamitengo yotsika yamagetsi ndikutulutsa magetsi pamitengo yokwera.

Potengera chitsanzo cha China, mafakitale ake ndi mabizinesi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zoyendetsera magetsi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito komanso mfundo zoyendetsera magetsi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha Shanghai, Shanghai Development and Reform Commission idapereka chidziwitso chowonjezera njira yoyendetsera magetsi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mumzindawu (Shanghai Development and Reform Commission [2022] No. 50). Malinga ndi chidziwitsochi:

Pazifukwa zonse za mafakitale ndi zamalonda, komanso magetsi ena a magawo awiri ndi akuluakulu a mafakitale, nthawi yayitali imayambira 19:00 mpaka 21:00 m'nyengo yozizira (Januware ndi Disembala) komanso kuyambira 12:00 mpaka 14:00 m'chilimwe (Julayi ndi Ogasiti).

Munthawi yachilimwe (Julayi, Ogasiti, Seputembala) ndi m'nyengo yozizira (Januware, Disembala), mitengo yamagetsi idzakwera ndi 80% kutengera mtengo womwe ulipo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, munthawi yochepa, mitengo yamagetsi idzatsika ndi 60% kutengera mtengo womwe ulipo. Kuphatikiza apo, munthawi yachilimwe, mitengo yamagetsi idzakwera ndi 25% kutengera mtengo womwe ulipo.

M'miyezi ina nthawi yomwe magetsi akuyenda bwino, mitengo yamagetsi idzakwera ndi 60% kutengera mtengo womwe ukuyenda bwino, pomwe nthawi yomwe magetsi akuyenda bwino, mitengo idzatsika ndi 50% kutengera mtengo womwe ukuyenda bwino.

Pakugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'mafakitale, m'mabizinesi, ndi m'njira zina, nthawi yogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali komanso yachigwa yokha ndi yomwe imasiyanitsidwa popanda kugawanso nthawi yogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali. Munthawi yachilimwe (Julayi, Ogasiti, Seputembala) ndi m'nyengo yozizira (Januware, Disembala), mitengo yamagetsi idzakwera ndi 20% kutengera mtengo wokhazikika, pomwe nthawi yotsika, mitengo idzatsika ndi 45% kutengera mtengo wokhazikika. M'miyezi ina nthawi yantchito yayikulu, mitengo yamagetsi idzakwera ndi 17% kutengera mtengo wokhazikika, pomwe nthawi yotsika, mitengo idzatsika ndi 45% kutengera mtengo wokhazikika.

Machitidwe osungira mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda amagwiritsa ntchito njira iyi yogulira magetsi otsika mtengo nthawi yomwe magetsi sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndikuwapatsa mphamvu zamagetsi nthawi yomwe magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kapena nthawi yomwe magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi amakampani.

ChachitatuKusintha kwa Nthawi ya Mphamvu

"Kusintha kwa nthawi yamagetsi" kumaphatikizapo kusintha nthawi yomwe magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mu kusungira mphamvu kuti achepetse kufunikira kwa magetsi ndikudzaza nthawi zomwe magetsi sakufunika kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira magetsi monga ma cell a photovoltaic, kusagwirizana pakati pa njira yopangira magetsi ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kungayambitse zochitika zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagulitsa magetsi ochulukirapo ku gridi pamitengo yotsika kapena kugula magetsi kuchokera ku gridi pamitengo yokwera.

Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyatsa batri nthawi yomwe magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono ndikutulutsa magetsi osungidwa nthawi yomwe magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Njirayi ikufuna kukulitsa phindu lazachuma ndikuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa kaboni m'makampani. Kuphatikiza apo, kusunga mphamvu yochulukirapo ya mphepo ndi dzuwa kuchokera kuzinthu zongowonjezedwanso kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo nthawi yomwe magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kumaonedwanso ngati njira yosinthira nthawi yamagetsi.

Kusintha kwa nthawi yamagetsi kulibe zofunikira zokhudzana ndi nthawi yochaja ndi kutulutsa mphamvu, ndipo magawo a mphamvu pazinthu izi ndi osinthasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yankho losinthasintha komanso logwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi.

IV.Mitundu yodziwika bwino yamabizinesi yosungira mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda

1.MutuIokhudzidwa

Monga tanenera kale, mfundo yaikulu yosungira mphamvu m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi ili pakugwiritsa ntchito malo osungira mphamvu ndi ntchito, komanso kupeza phindu losungira mphamvu kudzera mu peak valley arbitrage ndi njira zina. Ndipo motsatira unyolowu, ophunzira akuluakulu akuphatikizapo wopereka zida, wopereka chithandizo cha mphamvu, gulu lothandizira kubwereketsa ndalama, ndi wogwiritsa ntchito:

2.WofalaBntchitoModels

Pakadali pano, pali njira zinayi zodziwika bwino zamabizinesi zosungira mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda, zomwe ndi chitsanzo cha "kuyika ndalama kwa ogwiritsa ntchito", chitsanzo cha "kubwereketsa koyera", chitsanzo cha "kasamalidwe ka mphamvu zamakontirakiti", ndi chitsanzo cha "kasamalidwe ka mphamvu zamakontirakiti + kubwereketsa ndalama". Tafotokoza izi motere:

(1)Use Indalama

Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodziyikira ndalama, wogwiritsa ntchito amagula ndikuyika makina osungira mphamvu okha kuti asangalale ndi ubwino wosungira mphamvu, makamaka kudzera mu peak valley arbitrage. Munjira iyi, ngakhale wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuchepetsa mwachindunji kumeta ndi kudzaza zigwa, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zamagetsi, amafunikabe kunyamula ndalama zoyambira zogulira komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku. Chithunzi cha chitsanzo cha bizinesi ndi ichi:

(2) YoyeraLkuchepetsa

Mu njira yobwereketsa yokha, wogwiritsa ntchito safunika kugula malo osungira magetsi okha. Amangofunika kubwereka malo osungira magetsi kuchokera kwa wopereka zida ndikulipira ndalama zoyenera. Wopereka zida amapereka ntchito zomanga, zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo ndalama zomwe amapeza kuchokera ku izi zimasangalatsidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito. Chithunzi cha chitsanzo cha bizinesi ndi ichi:

(3) Kuyang'anira Mphamvu Zamgwirizano

Pansi pa chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wa mphamvu, wopereka chithandizo cha mphamvu amaika ndalama mu kugula malo osungira mphamvu ndikuwapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito mu mawonekedwe a ntchito zamagetsi. Wopereka chithandizo cha mphamvu ndi wogwiritsa ntchito amagawana zabwino zosungira mphamvu mwanjira yomwe avomerezana (kuphatikiza kugawana phindu, kuchotsera mitengo yamagetsi, ndi zina zotero), kutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosungira mphamvu kuti asunge mphamvu zamagetsi panthawi yamitengo yamagetsi kapena nthawi yanthawi zonse yamagetsi, kenako kupereka mphamvu ku katundu wa wogwiritsa ntchito panthawi yamitengo yamagetsi yapamwamba. Wogwiritsa ntchito ndi wopereka chithandizo cha mphamvu kenako amagawana zabwino zosungira mphamvu mu gawo lomwe avomerezana. Poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo cha ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amaika ndalama, chitsanzochi chikuwonetsa opereka chithandizo cha mphamvu omwe amapereka ntchito zosungira mphamvu zofanana. Opereka chithandizo cha mphamvu amasewera gawo la osunga ndalama mu chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wa mphamvu, chomwe chimachepetsa kukakamizidwa kwa ndalama kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Chithunzi cha chitsanzo cha bizinesi ndi ichi:

(4) Kuyang'anira Mphamvu Zamgwirizano + Ndalama Zobwereketsa

Chitsanzo cha "Contract Energy Management + Financial Leasing" chikutanthauza kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lobwereketsa ndalama monga wobwereketsa malo osungiramo mphamvu ndi/kapena ntchito zamagetsi pansi pa Contract Energy Management model. Poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo cha contract energy management, kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu obwereketsa ndalama kuti agule malo osungiramo mphamvu kumachepetsa kwambiri kupsinjika kwachuma kwa opereka chithandizo chamagetsi, motero kuwathandiza kuyang'ana bwino ntchito zoyendetsera mphamvu za mgwirizano.

Chitsanzo cha "Contract Energy Management + Financial Leasing" ndi chovuta kwambiri ndipo chili ndi mitundu ingapo yaing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti wopereka chithandizo chamagetsi amayamba wapeza malo osungira mphamvu kuchokera kwa wopereka zida, kenako gulu lobwereketsa ndalama limasankha ndikugula malo osungira mphamvu malinga ndi mgwirizano wawo ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo amabwereketsa malo osungira mphamvu kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.

Mu nthawi yobwereketsa, umwini wa malo osungiramo mphamvu ndi wa gulu lobwereketsa ndalama, ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito. Pambuyo pa nthawi yobwereketsa, wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupeza umwini wa malo osungiramo mphamvu. Wopereka chithandizo cha mphamvu makamaka amapereka ntchito zomanga, zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza malo osungiramo mphamvu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo amatha kupeza ndalama zofanana kuchokera kwa gulu lobwereketsa ndalama zogulitsira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida. Chithunzi cha chitsanzo cha bizinesi ndi ichi:

Mosiyana ndi chitsanzo cha mbewu chakale, mu chitsanzo china cha mbewu, gulu lobwereketsa ndalama limaika ndalama mwachindunji kwa wopereka chithandizo chamagetsi, osati kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Makamaka, gulu lobwereketsa ndalama limasankha ndikugula malo osungira mphamvu kuchokera kwa wopereka chithandizo chamagetsi malinga ndi mgwirizano wake ndi wopereka chithandizo chamagetsi, ndipo limabwereketsa malo osungira mphamvu kwa wopereka chithandizo chamagetsi.

Wopereka chithandizo chamagetsi angagwiritse ntchito malo osungira mphamvu oterewa kuti apereke chithandizo chamagetsi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, kugawana phindu la kusungira mphamvu ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mu gawo lomwe lavomerezedwa, kenako kubweza gawo la phindu lomwe laperekedwa ndi wobwereketsa. Pambuyo poti nthawi yobwereketsa itatha, wopereka chithandizo chamagetsi amapeza umwini wa malo osungira mphamvu. Chithunzi cha bizinesi ndi ichi:

V. Mapangano Ofanana a Bizinesi

Mu chitsanzo chomwe chakambidwa, ndondomeko zazikulu za bizinesi ndi zina zokhudzana nazo zafotokozedwa motere:

1.Pangano la Mgwirizano:

Mabungwe angalowe mu mgwirizano wa mgwirizano kuti akhazikitse dongosolo la mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, mu mgwirizano wa kasamalidwe ka mphamvu, wopereka chithandizo cha mphamvu akhoza kusaina mgwirizano wotere ndi wopereka zida, kufotokoza maudindo monga kumanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina osungira mphamvu.

2.Pangano Loyang'anira Mphamvu la Machitidwe Osungira Mphamvu:

Mgwirizanowu nthawi zambiri umagwira ntchito pa chitsanzo cha kasamalidwe ka mphamvu ya mgwirizano ndi chitsanzo cha "kasamalidwe ka mphamvu ya mgwirizano + kubwereketsa ndalama". Chimaphatikizapo kupereka ntchito zoyang'anira mphamvu ndi wopereka chithandizo cha mphamvu kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, ndi maubwino ofanana omwe amaperekedwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Maudindo akuphatikizapo malipiro ochokera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito ndi mgwirizano wa chitukuko cha polojekiti, pomwe wopereka chithandizo cha mphamvu amayang'anira kapangidwe, zomangamanga, ndi ntchito.

3.Pangano Logulitsa Zipangizo:

Kupatula chitsanzo chobwereketsa chokha, mapangano ogulitsa zida ndi ofunikira m'njira zonse zosungira mphamvu zamalonda. Mwachitsanzo, mu chitsanzo chodzipangira ndalama, mapangano amapangidwa ndi ogulitsa zida zogulira ndi kukhazikitsa malo osungira mphamvu. Kutsimikiza khalidwe, kutsatira miyezo, ndi ntchito yogulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

4.Pangano la Utumiki Waukadaulo:

Panganoli nthawi zambiri limasainidwa ndi wopereka zida kuti apereke ntchito zaukadaulo monga kupanga makina, kukhazikitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kukonza. Zofunikira zomveka bwino pautumiki komanso kutsatira miyezo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa mu mgwirizano wautumiki waukadaulo.

5.Pangano Lobwereketsa Zipangizo:

Pazochitika pamene opereka zida amakhalabe ndi umwini wa malo osungiramo magetsi, mapangano obwereketsa zida amasainidwa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi opereka. Mapanganowa amafotokoza udindo wa ogwiritsa ntchito pakusamalira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malowo akugwira ntchito bwino.

6.Pangano la Ndalama Zobwereketsa:

Mu chitsanzo cha "Contract Energy Management + Financial Leasing", mgwirizano wobwereketsa ndalama nthawi zambiri umakhazikitsidwa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito kapena opereka chithandizo chamagetsi ndi magulu obwereketsa ndalama. Mgwirizanowu umalamulira kugula ndi kupereka malo osungira mphamvu, ufulu wa umwini panthawi yobwereketsa komanso pambuyo pake, komanso kuganizira zosankha malo osungira mphamvu oyenera ogwiritsa ntchito nyumba kapena opereka chithandizo chamagetsi.

VI. Malangizo apadera kwa opereka chithandizo chamagetsi

Opereka chithandizo chamagetsi amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupeza njira zosungira mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda komanso kupeza phindu losungira mphamvu. Kwa opereka chithandizo chamagetsi, pali nkhani zingapo zomwe zimafunika chisamaliro chapadera pakusunga mphamvu zamafakitale ndi zamalonda, monga kukonzekera mapulojekiti, ndalama zothandizira mapulojekiti, kugula malo ndi kukhazikitsa. Mwachidule talemba nkhani izi motere: